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- Subject: 90-368 -- DISSENT, TOIBB v. RADLOFF
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- SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
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-
- No. 90-368
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- SHELDON BARUCH TOIBB, PETITIONER v.
- STUART J. RADLOFF
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- on writ of certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the eighth
- circuit
-
- [June 13, 1991]
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-
- Justice Stevens, dissenting.
- The Court's reading of the statute is plausible. It is supported by
- the omission of any prohibition against the use of Chapter 11 by consumer
- debtors and by the excerpt from the introduction to the Senate Report,
- quoted ante, at 5-6. Nevertheless, I am persuaded that the Court's reading
- is incorrect. Two chapters of the Bankruptcy Code -- Chapter 7, entitled
- "Liquidation," 11 U. S. C. MDRV 701 et seq., and Chapter 13, entitled
- "Adjustment of Debts of an Individual With Regular Income," MDRV 1301 et
- seq. -- unquestionably and unambiguously authorize relief for individual
- consumer debtors. Chapter 11, entitled "Reorganization," MDRV 1101 et
- seq., was primarily designed to provide relief for corporate debtors but
- also unquestionably authorizes relief for individual proprietors of
- business enterprises. When the statute is read as a whole, however, it
- seems quite clear that Congress did not intend to authorize a
- "reorganization" of the affairs of an individual consumer debtor.
- Section 109(d) places a limit on the class of persons who may be a
- debtor under Chapter 11, but it does not state that all members of that
- class are eligible for Chapter 11 relief. {1} It states that "only a
- person that may a debtor under Chapter 7 . . . may be a debtor under
- Chapter 11 . . . ." (Emphasis added.) It does not, however, state that
- every person entitled to relief under Chapter 7 is also entitled to relief
- under Chapter 11. In my judgment, the word "only" introduces sufficient
- ambiguity to justify a careful examination of other provisions of the Act,
- as well as the legislative history.
- This examination convinces me that consumer debtors may not avail
- themselves of Chapter 11. The repeated references to the debtor's
- "business," {2} "the operation of the debtor's business," {3} and the
- "current or former management of the debtor" {4} make it abundantly clear
- that the principal focus of the chapter is upon business reorganizations.
- This conclusion is confirmed by the discussion of Chapter 11 in the Senate
- Report, which describes the provision as a "chapter for business
- reorganization" and repeatedly refers to a "business" as the subject of
- Chapter 11 relief. {5} See also 124 Cong. Rec. 34007 (1978) (Chapter 11 is
- a "consolidated approach to business rehabilitation") (statement of Sen.
- DeConcini).
- The House Report, however, is more significant because it emphasizes
- the relationship between different chapters of the Code. The Report
- unambiguously states that a Chapter 7 liquidation is "the only remedy" for
- "consumer debtors [who] are unable to avail themselves of the relief
- provided under chapter 13." H. R. Rep. No. 95-595, p. 125 (1977). See
- also 124 Cong. Rec., at 32392, 32405 (Chapter 11 is "a consolidated
- approach to business rehabilitation" and a "new commercial reorganization
- chapter") (statement of Rep. Edwards). The accuracy of the statement in
- the House Report is confirmed by a comparison of the text of Chapter 11
- with the text of Chapter 13.
- Above, I noted the striking difference between the chapter titles --
- "Reorganization" for Chapter 11 as opposed to "Adjustment of Debts of an
- Individual With Regular Income" for Chapter 13. Also significant is the
- conspicuous omission from Chapter 11 of both an important limit and an
- important protection included in Chapter 13. Chapter 13 relief is only
- available to individuals whose unsecured debts amount to less than $100,000
- and whose secured debts are less than $350,000. See 11 U. S. C. MDRV
- 109(e). Chapter 11 contains no comparable limit. Congress would have
- accomplished little in imposing this limit on the adjustment of individual
- consumer debt through Chapter 13 if Congress at the same time allowed the
- individual to avoid the limitation by filing under Chapter 11. {6}
- More important, the Code expressly provides that involuntary
- proceedings can only be instituted under Chapter 7 and Chapter 11. See 11
- U. S. C. MDRV 303(a). A creditor therefore may not force an individual
- consumer debtor into an involuntary Chapter 13 proceeding. Under the
- Court's reading of the Act, however, a creditor could institute an
- involuntary proceeding under Chapter 11 against any individual with regular
- income. It seems highly unlikely that Congress intended to subject
- individual consumer debtors, such as pensioners, to involuntary Chapter 11
- proceedings while at the same time prohibiting involuntary Chapter 13
- proceedings against the same class of debtors.
- For these reasons, notwithstanding the excerpt from the Senate Report
- on which the Court relies, I would, in accordance with the clear statement
- in the House Report, read the statute as a whole to limit Chapter 11 relief
- to business debtors. I therefore respectfully dissent.
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- 1
- Section 109(d) provides:
- "Only a person that may be a debtor under chapter 7 of this title,
- except a stockholder or a commodity broker, and a railroad may be a debtor
- under Chapter 11 of this title." 11 U. S. C. MDRV 109(d) (emphasis
- added).
-
- 2
- See e. g., 15 1101(2)(B), 1108.
-
- 3
- See e. g., 15 1103(c)(2), 1105, 1106(a)(3).
-
- 4
- See MDRV 1104(b).
-
- 5
- The Senate Report contains the following explanation of Chapter 11
- reorganizations:
-
- "Chapter 11 deals with the reorganization of a financially distressed
- business enterprise, providing for its rehabilitation by adjustment of its
- debt obligations and equity interests. It should be distinguished from the
- bankruptcy liquidation under chapter 7 or the adjustment of the debts of an
- individual with regular income under chapter 13.
- "Chapter 11 replaces chapters X, XI and XII of the Bankruptcy Act,
- Chapter 11 also includes special provisions for railroads in view of the
- impact of regulatory laws on railroad debtors and replaces section 77 of
- the Bankruptcy Act. A single chapter for all business reorganizations will
- simplify the law by eliminating unnecessary differences in detail that are
- inevitable under separately administered statutes.
- "Business reorganizations have been governed principally by chapters X
- and XI, both of which have been adopted by the Congress as part of the
- bankruptcy reforms in 1938. These chapters were not intended to be
- alternate paths of reorganization; they were to be mutually exclusive.
- Chapter X was meant for the reorganization of public companies and chapter
- XI for the rehabilitation of small and privately owned businesses.
- "That schematic design was well conceived, but flawed somewhat by the
- failure to include a definition of a `public company.' As a result,
- considerable litigation developed, mostly on the initiative of the
- Securities and Exchange Commission, over whether a case belonged in chapter
- X or chapter XI. This issue came to the Supreme Court in three cases, the
- last one in SEC v. American Trailer Rentals, Inc., 379 U. S. 594 (1965),
- but the Court did not enunciate a hard-and-fast rule for all cases.
- Although it announced some guidelines, management and creditors of large
- public companies have continued to resort to chapter XI.
- "The single chapter for business reorganization, which the bill
- provides, will eliminate unprofitable litigation over the preliminary issue
- as to which of the two chapters apply. . . .
- "Reorganization, in its fundamental aspects, involves the thankless
- task of determining who should share the losses incurred by an unsuccessful
- business and how the values of the estate should be apportioned among
- creditors and stockholders." S. Rep. No. 95-989, pp. 9-10 (1978).
-
- 6
- Although the Court believes that permitting consumer debtors to avail
- themselves of Chapter 11 will not adversely affect their creditors, ante,
- at 7-8, I am not so sure. It takes time and money to determine whether a
- plan will provide creditors with benefits equal to those available through
- liquidation and still more time and money to find out whether such a
- predictive decision turns out to be correct or incorrect. The "complex"
- Chapter 11 process, see S. Rep. No. 95-989, p. 3 (1978), will almost
- certainly consume more time and resources than the simpler Chapter 7
- procedures.
-